Sanjay Patil. Kuldeep Kumar. Show More. Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. Head of the Dept. Guide Dr. Veeranna T.
We would like to extend our gratitude to our guide T. We would like to extend our gratitude to Dr. Veeranna, Dean and Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering for his cooperation and valuable support in every way throughout course work. We would like to extend our gratitude to K. Krishna Reddy, Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering for his cooperation and valuable support in every way throughout course work.
We also acknowledge with deep sense of reverence, our gratitude towards our parents who had supported us morally as well as economically without whom our project could not be a huge success. C Engines have been advanced a lot such that its speed is becoming a major catastrophe. Advanced automatic braking system improves braking techniques in vehicles.
It changes complete braking systems in an automotive and deals with the concept of Automatic Braking System giving the solution. The Ultrasonic Sensor generates 0. It is transmitted through ultrasonic transmitter. The ultrasonic receiver is used to receive the reflected wave present in front of the vehicle, then the reflected waves is given to the ultrasonic wave generator unit in which the incoming wave is amplified and compared with reference signals to maintain a constant ratio and this signal is given to microcontroller and through which the working of DC gear motor and Servomotor may takes place, which results in application of brakes.
The prototype has been prepared depicting the technology and tested as per the simulated conditions. In future the actual model may be developed depending on its feasibility. Table of contents i II. List of tables ii III. List of figures iii IV. List of plates iv V. Introduction 1. Review of Literature 2. Sensing and controlling unit 3. Result 4. The number of vehicles is increasing day by day. Now a days, the technology has got vast changes which leads increase in speed.
The speed plays a vital role to maintain time for longer distances. But, this speed also getting a major problem for causes of road accidents.
The common braking is not sufficient for avoidance of accidents when driver is not active. Further improvement has to done in braking system in order to brake a vehicle when driver is not able to brake i. This automatic braking system allows the vehicle to brake without support of the driver. The main target of the ultrasonic braking system is that, vehicles should automatically brake when the sensors sense the obstacle.
This is a technology for automobiles to sense an imminent forward collision with another vehicle or an obstacle, and to brake the vehicle accordingly, which is done by the braking circuit. This system includes two ultrasonic sensors viz. The ultrasonic wave emitter provided in front portion of an automatic braking system vehicle, producing and emitting ultrasonic waves in a predetermined distance in front of the vehicle.
Ultrasonic wave receiver is also provided in front portion of the vehicle, receiving the reflected ultrasonic wave signal from the obstacle. The reflected wave detection pulse is measured to get the distance between vehicle and the obstacle. The DC gear motor is connected to the wheels of vehicle and power input is given to it from Arduino board. Then PIC microcontroller is used to control the servo motor based on detection pulse information and the servo motor in turn automatically controls the braking of the vehicle.
Thus, this new system is designed to solve the problem where drivers may not be able to brake manually In order to reduce the emission levels, more work is going on for the modification of engine work functions and all. There are several kinds of braking mechanism systems that would only can be applicable mechanically, to move the ideology more deep and brief the automatic braking system will be more sufficient and satisfactory in addition to mechanical braking system.
In present generation, number of vehicles are coming into existence with newer technologies for implementation of human comfort and other conditioning. To extend the ideology in more brief manner and to take the step in different way, may automatic braking system would fulfill the methods of extension of technical existences. To develop a safety vehicle braking system using ultrasonic sensor and to design a vehicle with less human attention to the driving. This project is necessary to be attached to every vehicle.
Mainly it is used when drive the vehicles in night time. Mostly the accident occurred in the night time due to long travel the driver may get tired. So the driver may hit the front side vehicle or road side trees. By using this project the vehicle is stopped by automatic braking system. So we can avoid the accident. Vehicles can automatically brake due to obstacles when the sensor senses the obstacles.
The focus of this project is designing an automatically braking system that can help us control the braking system of a vehicle. The automatically braking system also needs to work with an ultrasonic sensor, which produce sound pulse by a buzzer. The ultrasonic wave is generated from a transmitter and sends to a receiver. Plate 1.
Each sensor is based on transduction principle which is conversion of energy from one form to another form. There are two important terms related to any sensor — Since the ultrasonic waves reflect off the target object, target angles indicate acceptable amounts of tilt for a given sensor.
In the ultrasonic sensors they are used to convert electrical energy into ultrasonic energy and vice-versa. In this system piezoelectric transducers are used, which create ultrasonic vibration through use of piezoelectric materials such as certain forms of crystals or ceramic polymers. Their working is based on the piezoelectric effect. This effect refers to the voltage produced between surfaces of a solid, non-conducting substance when a mechanical stress is applied to it.
Conversely, when a voltage is applied across surfaces of a solid that exhibits piezoelectric effect, the solid undergoes mechanical distortion. Normal frequency range of human ear is roughly 20Hz to 20,Hz. Ultrasonic sound waves are sound waves that are above the range of human ear, and thus have frequency above 20,Hz.
An ultrasonic sensor necessarily consists of a transducer for conversion of one form of energy to another, a housing enclosing the ultrasonic transducer and an electrical connection. These sensors are of two types: In that part, there is timing instruction means for generating an instruction signal for intermittently providing ultrasonic waves.
This signal will send to an ultrasonic wave generator for generating ultrasonic waves based on the instruction signal from said timing instruction means transform electrical energy into sound wave. After ultrasonic wave was produced, ultrasonic transmitter transmits the ultrasonic waves toward a road surface to find out the obstacle. The range that obstacle detected is depends on the range of ultrasonic sensors that used. Fig 1. An ultrasonic receiver is used for receiving the ultrasonic waves reflected from the road surface to generate a reception signal.
There is ultrasonic transducer that will transform back the sound wave to electrical energy. This signal amplified by an amplifier. The amplified signal is compared with reference signal to detect components in the amplified signal due to obstacles on the road surface. The magnitude of the reference signal or the amplification factor of the amplifier is The output voltage of the op-amp is controlled by feeding a fraction of output signal back to the inverting input.
This is known as negative feedback. The amplified signal is a square pulse which is given to the ADC. The digital signal is given to the microcontroller.
PIC microcontrollers are made by microchip technology. PICs are used in this system due to their low cost and wide availability. The numbers of instructions to perform a It is programmed by using C language.
The signal from the ADC is processed by the PIC microcontroller, and it gives an instruction as an output, based on the condition of the signal, to the servo motor.
The distance value at which automatic braking should start is already stored in the microcontroller. When the measured distance reaches this value, the PIC automatically sends the signal to the servo motor which in turn controls braking through mechanical arrangements. At its most simple, DC gear motor requires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as an electric magnet.
The repellent and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the torque and causes the DC gear motor to turn. A gear box is present just after the DC motor and a rotary shaft is connected to it, with the help of this DC gear motor setup the vehicle wheels can be rotated in this project. The servo motor allows for precise control of angular position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback.
Thus, it is a closed loop mechanism that uses position feedback to control its motion and final position. Steering safety and stopping distance on all road conditions are protected.
In front-wheel drive vehicles, most of the weight is on the front wheels due to engine and transmission system located in front of the vehicle. For this reason, vehicles with four- channel ABS have a low-logic choice on the rear wheels to maintain the balance of the vehicle in the majority.
Three-channel Three-sensor ABS The three speed sensors measure the number of revolutions of both the wheel and differential sun gear. The braking force on the front wheel is adjusted separately by solenoid valves.
The braking force of the rear wheels is regulated by a single solenoid valve. This type hydraulic units are used in parallel brake circuits. Two-channel ABS This type of hydraulic unit is used on heavy vehicles or on vehicles such as trucks. Only the rear two wheels are controlled. There is only one valve and one sensor, which controls the rear wheels. It is similar to the three-channel ABS system for the way of operation. The distinctive feature of the system is that there is no independent speed sensor for each wheel.
ABS Failures and Signs If the warning light of the ABS brake system does not extinguish within three seconds of applying the voltage, or if the lamp lights up during driving, there is a fault and the system is switched off.
Figure 6. In the meantime, the normal operation of the brakes remains unaffected. The investigation of the faults is extremely easy with the diagnostic facility. Faults are detected according to the fault code appropriate to the fault type. Determination of the fault location in the faulty line can also be done by conventional methods.
If the ABS warning light is on; In order to provide separate testing of the parts in the system, this diagnostic method is divided into stages.
In any kind of fault diagnosis, the test should be started from the first stage until the fault is corrected. If the ABS warning light is on after the engine has started, sensor cables and isolations should be checked. All sensor cabling in the system and their insulation should be checked one by one.
First, the system's members should be tested one by one, then complaints should be followed up to the developer. If the ABS warning lamp lights up intermittently; It is also possible to investigate the fault in this case again at various stages.
The handbrake is released; if the light remains on, the hand brake setting is checked. Hydraulic level warning lamp operation check; The ignition is switched off, the pedal is pumped at least 20 times. The ignition is switched on and the hydraulic level is checked immediately when the engine has stopped running; It should be between 'max' and 'min' lines.
If the ABS warning light is not lit at all; All the recommended operations are performed so that all parts in the system can be tested one by one. If the ABS warning light is not lit at all, fuses, light bulbs and wiring should be checked.
If the brake pedal goes too deep While ABS warning light is off ; After all the parts in the system have been checked, external leaks are checked, and air is taken from the system. Central pump internal hydraulic leaks are also checked, and necessary actions and changes are performed.
This operation is followed by electrical control of the main valve. If the operation of ABS is weak; After all elements are checked in the system, diode operation control is performed. Then an external leak check is carried out and air in the system is removed. After that, resistance control of the inlet and outlet valves is performed, and the hydraulic duty controls of the inlet and outlet valves are performed.
As a result of the checks made, necessary actions are taken. Advantages and Disadvantages of ABS 7. Advantages of ABS The advantage of the anti-lock braking system is that the vehicle under all kinds of braking conditions; stabilize and ensure optimum braking without losing control of the steering wheel.
Optimum braking means optimizing the braking distance by achieving maximum road holding, thus bringing it to the optimum distance. If emergency braking is necessary, must be able to avoid an obstacle, lose dominance during bends, and lose steering dominance even if the wheels have different levels of grip. In addition to reducing the brake distance, the most important advantage of the ABS braking system is that steering is not lost during emergency braking.
In gravel, loose and wet snowy roads, this is the opposite. Vehicles with ABS have a longer stopping distance. If ABS is thought to give the driver steering control, it will be understood that the stopping distance is not a parameter that shows the braking performance alone. Discussion and Conclusion 8.
Discussion This study describes the impact of ABS on driving dynamics and driving safety. Vehicles with and without ABS have been compared. Although ABS is known to improve driving dynamics, vehicle control and comfort at the time of braking, statistics are still given in the appendix. According to the research published in Hertz et al, ABS vehicles have less accidents than non-ABS vehicles and mortal accident rates [16] of vehicles without ABS are very high.
According to another research published in Farmer, , ABS reduces accident numbers but there is no direct evidence that ABS increases the overall vehicle safety alone [17].
Two-wheel drive vehicles use maximum wheel speed as the vehicle speed at the time of wheel lockup. In the automobile braking system, brake fluid is used to transmit the braking power to the brakes at wheels. The brake fluid gets heated due to the application of the brake.
If the brakes are applied frequently then the temperature of the brake fluid raises. In case of drum brakes, the brake shoes are placed inside the brake drum.
When the brake is applied, the brake shoe expands through linkages, come in contact with the brake drum and stops the vehicle. Start Learning. Brake shoe clearance is excessive System contains air System is in good condition Brake fluid require change. Simplex 2. Duplex 3. Duo-duplex 4. Servo 5. Duo-servo Brake Upul Priyashantha 19 f. Starwheel Type 2.
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